Characterization of Salivary Gland Pain: A Review of the Literature / Caracterización del Dolor de Glándulas Salivales: Revisión de la Literatura

SUMMARY: The salivary glands in pathological conditions produce countless different clinical presentations, and due to their complex neuroanatomy, their pain symptoms vary widely. However, in the literature to date, few studies characterize salivary gland pain. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review concerning the clinical characteristics of pain in various salivary gland pathologies. A literature review was done through a systematic search of scientific articles in the Web of Science (WoS), MEDLINE, Scopus, and Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO) databases. The free terms "salivary gland", "parotid gland", "submaxillary gland", "sublingual gland", and "pain" were used along with the Boolean operators OR and AND. The search yielded a total of 1896 articles, of which 60 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were ultimately included in this review. It is described that pain is a nonspecific symptom of a glandular pathology and is characterized mainly by the location of the pain, which is correlated with the anatomical location of the affected salivary gland. Among the painful salivary gland pathologies, we found inflammatory disorders, including infections, obstructions, disorders secondary to hyposalivation; systemic autoimmune diseases; neoplasms, and neuropathic pain disorders. The diagnosis and management of salivary gland pain require knowledge of the causes and mechanisms of the pain, and it is to recognize the signs and symptoms of salivary gland disorders to be able to diagnose and treat them.

Las glándulas salivales en condiciones patológicas producen un sinfín de presentaciones clínicas diferentes, y debido a su compleja neuroanatomía generan variaciones en su sintomatología dolorosa. Sin embargo, en la literatura hasta ahora son escasos los estudios que caracterizan el dolor de glándulas salivales. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto a las características clínicas del dolor en diversas patologías de glándulas salivales. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, a través de la búsqueda sistemática de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS), MEDLINE, Scopus y Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO). A través de los términos libres: "salivary gland", "parotid gland", "submaxillary gland", "sublingual gland", "pain", junto con los operadores booleanos OR y AND. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 1896 artículos, de los cuales 60 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron finalmente incluidos en esta revisión. Se describe que el dolor es un síntoma poco específico para la patología glandular y está caracterizado principalmente por la localización del dolor, el cual se correlaciona con la ubicación anatómica de la glándula salival afectada. Dentro de las patologías dolorosas de glándulas salivales encontramos los trastornos inflamatorios, incluidas infecciones, obstrucciones, trastornos secundarios a hiposalivación; enfermedades sistémicas autoinmunes; neoplasias y trastornos de dolor neuropático. El diagnóstico y manejo del dolor de glándulas salivales requiere del conocimiento de las causas y mecanismos del dolor, siendo necesario reconocer los signos y síntomas de los trastornos de glándulas salivales para ser capaces de diagnosticarlos y tratarlos.

Sjögren's syndrome: Epidemiology and clinical manifestations

Sjögren's syndrome is an entity of rheumatic origin, with complex autoimmune characteristics, in which the salivary and lacrimal glands are mainly compromised. It has two forms of presentation, one primary and the other secondary, and in both forms there is evidence of exocrine glands involvement. The clinical spectrum of Sjögren's syndrome is very heterogeneous and is classified into glandular and extra-glandular manifestations, but not mutually exclusive. It is recommended that all patients with parotid inflammation, purpura, hypergammaglobulinaemia, anti-SSa, and anti-SSb should be seen to have a greater risk of presenting with a severe systemic presentation, and it is recommended to carry out a more strict medical control. Population studies that have attempted to describe the incidence and prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome in various countries throughout the world are to some extent discordant between one registry and another. Although Sjögren's syndrome is more common in women, ocular involvement predominates in men, and it can occur in all ages, mainly between the third and fifth decades of life. In children it is rare. It is also considered as a common connective tissue disease, where the data on the global incidence rate and prevalence are underestimated.

El síndrome de Sjögren es una entidad de origen reumático, con características autoinmune complejas, en la que se ven comprometidas principalmente las glándulas salivales y las lagrimales. Tiene 2 formas de presentación, una primaria y otra secundaria, y en ambas se observa una afección de las glándulas exocrinas. El espectro clínico del síndrome de Sjögren es muy heterogéneo y se clasifica en manifestaciones glandulares y extraglandulares, no excluyentes entre sí. Se recomienda que se haga un control médico más estricto a todo paciente que curse con una inflamación parotídea, púrpura, hipergammaglobulinemia y anticuerpos anti-SSa, anti-SSb, puesto que presenta mayor riesgo de cursar con una presentación sistémica grave. Los estudios poblacionales que han intentado describir la incidencia y la prevalencia del síndrome de Sjögren en diferentes países son hasta cierto punto discordantes entre un registro y otro. El síndrome de Sjögren es más frecuente en mujeres, pero en hombres predomina más la afectación ocular; puede presentarse en todas las edades, principalmente entre la tercera y la quinta décadas de la vida; en niños es raro. Se considera además como una conectivopatía frecuente, en la cual los datos de la tasa de incidencia global y de prevalencia se encuentran subestimados.

Sialoendoscopia y abordaje mixto para el manejo dela patología obstructiva de las glándulas salivales / Sialoendoscopy and mixed approach for the management of obstructive pathology of the salivary glands

Introducción. La sialoendoscopia es un procedimiento cuya finalidad es visualizar los conductos salivales. Se utiliza como método diagnóstico y terapéutico de procesos inflamatorios, estenosis de los conductos y procesos obstructivos. Métodos. Describir los procedimientos realizados para el tratamiento de pacientes con patología inflamatoria y obstructiva de las glándulas salivales, de forma única con sialoendoscopia o con abordajes mixtos. Resultados. Un total de 24 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, con edad promedio de 42 años, en su mayoría mujeres y compromiso submaxilar en 58,3 % y de parótida en 41,7 %. Respecto a la intervención, al 29,2 % de los sujetos se le realizó extracción de cálculos, al 29,2 % sialoplastia, al 25 % dilatación de conductos y al 37,5 % lavado de conductos en el mismo momento quirúrgico. Conclusión. La sialoendoscopia y el abordaje mixto es un procedimiento que puede garantizar el manejo de patologías obstructivas y estenosis de los conductos salivales, con buen pronóstico y resultados, preservando la glándula y evitando las complicaciones de la cirugía.

Introduction. Sialoendoscopy is a procedure which purpose is to visualise the salivary ducts. It is used as a diagnostic and therapeutic method for inflammatory and obstructive processes and duct stenosis. Methods. To describe the procedures performed for the management of patients with inflammatory and obstructive pathology of the salivary glands, only with sialoendoscopy or with mixed approaches. Results. A total of 24 patients were included in the study, with mean age of 42 years, mostly female, and 58.3% submaxillary involvement 41.7% parotid involvement. Regarding the intervention, 29.2% of the subjects underwent stone extraction, 29.2%, sialoplasty, 25% duct dilatation, and 37.5% duct lavage at the same surgical time. Conclusions. Sialoendoscopy and the mixed approach is a procedure that can guarantee the management of obstructive pathologies and stenosis of the salivary ducts with good prognosis and results, preserving the gland and avoiding the complications of surgery.

Rânula mergulhante em paciente pediátrico de 5 anos de idade: relato de caso / Diving ranula in 5-year-Old pediatric patient: case report / Hundimiento de ranula en paciente pediátrico de 5 años: reporte de caso

Introdução: Rânula é um fenômeno de extravasamento de muco, também chamado cisto de retenção de muco, que ocorre especificamente no soalho bucal. A origem da mucina extravasada é usualmente da glândula sublingual, podendo, porém, se originar do ducto da glândula submandibular ou, ainda, das glândulas salivares menores presentes no soalho de boca. Rânulas de dimensões maiores usualmente originam se do corpo da glândula sublingual. Relato de caso: Este trabalho descreve um caso em uma criança de 5 anos de idade com uma rânula em região lateral esquerda de língua, e discutir questões sobre o tratamento desta patologia. Considerações finais: Há várias formas de tratamento, sendo as mais usadas a marsupialização, concomitante ou não com a excisão cirúrgica da lesão e da glândula salivar envolvida... (AU)

Introduction: Ranula is a phenomenon of mucus leakage, also called mucus retention cyst, which occurs specifically in the mouth floor. The origin of the extravasated mucin is usually from the sublingual gland, but it can originate from the duct of the submandibular gland or even from the minor salivary glands it presents on the floor of the mouth. Larger sized ranulas usually arise from the body of the sublingual gland. Case report: This work is a case in a 5-year-old child with a ranula in the left tongue region, and discuss about the treatment of this pathology. Final considerations: There are several forms of treatment, the most used being marsupialization, concomitant or not with a surgical excision of the lesion and the involved salivary gland... (AU)

Introducción: Ránula es un fenómeno de fuga de moco, también llamado quiste de retención de moco, que ocurre específicamente en el piso de la boca. El origen de la mucina extravasada suele ser de la glándula sublingual, pero puede originarse en el conducto de la glándula submandibular o incluso en las glándulas salivales menores presentes en el suelo de la boca. Las ranulas de mayor tamaño generalmente surgen del cuerpo de la glándula sublingual. Reporte de caso: Este artículo describe un caso en un niño de 5 años con una ránula en la región lateral izquierda de la lengua y analiza cuestiones sobre el tratamiento de esta patología. Consideraciones finales: Existen varias formas de tratamiento, siendo las más utilizadas la marsupialización, concomitante o no con la exéresis quirúrgica de la lesión y de la glándula salival afectada... (AU)

Adenoma pleomórfico em palato duro: relato de caso / Pleomorphic adenoma in hard palate: case report / Adenoma pleomórfico en paladar duro: reporte de caso

Introdução: O adenoma pleomórfico (AP) é a neoplasia de glândula salivar mais comum e se apresenta como um aumento de superfície firme, indolor e com crescimento lento. O palato, a cavidade nasal e a nasofaringe são áreas em que se localizam muitas glândulas salivares menores, sendo o adenoma pleomórfico, o tumor benigno mais comum nessas glândulas. O AP pode acometer indivíduos em qualquer faixa etária, principalmente na terceira e quarta década de vida, com predominância pelo gênero feminino. O artigo objetiva relatar um caso clínico de adenoma pleomórfico em palato duro, comparando com dados presentes na literatura especializada em relação, especialmente, aos sítios acometidos e as formas de tratamentos existentes. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 34 anos, compareceu ao ambulatório do HU-Univasf com queixa de aumento de volume indolor em boca há 02 anos. Foi realizada uma biópsia incisional onde no exame histopatológico foi diagnosticado como Adenoma Pleomórfico. O tratamento eleito foi a excisão cirúrgica e uso de placa de polimetilmetacrilato no pós-operatório. Atualmente o paciente apresenta follow up de 02 anos e 05 meses, sem sinais de recidiva da lesão e sem queixas locais... (AU)

Introduction: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a more common salivary gland neoplasia and presents as an increase in firm, painless and slow-growing surface. The palate, a nasal cavity and a nasopharynx, are areas that locate many minor salivary glands, being pleomorphic adenoma, the most com mon benign tumor in these glands. The PA can affect individuals in any age group, mainly in the third and fourth decade of life, with a predominance in a females. The article aims relates a clinical case of pleomorphic adeno ma on the hard palate, comparing it with the data present in the specialized literature in relation, especially, to the affected locations and the ways to ex isting treatments. Case Report: A 34 years old, female patient, showed up to the HU-Univasf outpatient clinic with a complaint of an increase in vol ume painless in the mouth for 2 years. An incisional biopsy was performed in which the histopathological examination was diagnosed as Pleomorphic Adenoma. The treatment chosen was surgical excision and use of polymeth ylmethacrylate plate. Currently, the patient has a follow-up of 02 years and 05 months, with no signs of recurrence of the lesion and no local complaints... (AU)

Introducción: El adenoma pleomórfico (AP) es la neoplasia de glándulas salivales más común y se presenta como un agrandamiento firme, indoloro y de crecimiento lento. El paladar, la cavidad nasal y la nasofaringe son áreas en las que se localizan muchas glándulas salivales menores, siendo el adenoma pleomórfico el tumor benigno más común en estas glándulas. La AF puede afectar a individuos de cualquier grupo de edad, especialmente en la tercera y cuarta década de la vida, con predominio del sexo femenino. El artículo tiene como objetivo reportar un caso clínico de adenoma pleomórfico en paladar duro, comparándolo con datos de la literatura especializada en relación, especialmente, con los sitios afectados y las formas de tratamiento existentes. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino de 34 años que acudió a la consulta externa de HU-Univasf quejándose de hinchazón bucal indolora durante 02 años. Se realizó biopsia incisional y el examen histopatológico se diagnosticó como adenoma pleomórfico. El tratamiento elegido fue la exéresis quirúrgica y el uso postoperatorio de placa de polimetilmetacrilato. Actualmente, el paciente tiene un período de seguimiento de 02 años y 05 meses, sin signos de recurrencia de la lesión y sin quejas locales... (AU)

Tratamento cirúrgico de sialólito no ducto da parótida: relato de caso / Surgical treatment of sialolite in the duct of the parotid: case report / Tratamiento quirúrgico de sialolito en el conducto del parótido: reporte de caso

Introdução: Os sialólitos são lesões mineralizadas nas glândulas salivares que causam obstrução total ou parcial do ducto, acometendo comumente a glândula submandibular. Sua abordagem varia de pouco invasiva à cirúrgicas, a depender do número, localização e dimensões dos cálculos. Objetivo: Esse estudo teve como objetivo relatar um caso clínico raro de sialólito no ducto da glândula parótida tratado através da remoção cirúrgica. Relato De Caso: Paciente compareceu ao ambulatório com história de dor e edema em face com 2 meses de evolução, referindo piora da sintomatologia após alimentação. Ao exame físico apresentou edema endurecido em região pré-auricular esquerda e ausência de drenagem no ducto da parótida ipsilateral. Foi realizado uma radiografia de tecidos moles com filme periapical, que revelou imagem radiopaca circunscrita sugestiva de um sialólito no ducto da glândula parótida esquerda. Assim, foi realizada excisão cirúrgica do cálculo seguida do reestabelecimento da patência ductal através da instalação de cateter venoso. Paciente evoluiu bem e segue em acompanhamento sem recidiva dos sinais e sintomas. Considerações Finais: O presente estudo revela que o diagnóstico precoce da sialolitíase e a escolha do plano de tratamento adequado estão associados a um bom prognóstico, e o reestabelecimento da patência ductal, quando danificado, é imprescindível para o sucesso do tratamento(AU)

Introduction: Sialoliths are mineralized lesions in the salivary glands that cause total or partial obstruction of the duct, commonly affecting the submandibular gland. It ranges from less invasive to surgical approach, depending on the number, location and dimension of the calculi. Objective: This study aimed to report a rare clinical case of a sialolith in the parotid gland's duct treated by surgical removal. Case Report: The patient attended the outpatient clinic with a history of pain and edema in the face with 2 months of evolution, reporting worsening symptoms after feeding. On physical examination, he had hardened edema in the left preauricular region and no drainage in the ipsilateral parotid duct. Soft tissue radiography with a periapical film was performed, which revealed a circumscribed radiopaque image suggestive of a sialolith in the left parotid gland's duct. Thus, the calculus's surgical excision was performed, followed by the reestablishment of the ductal patency through the installation of a venous catheter. The patient evolved well and is being followed up without recurrence of signs and symptoms. Final Considerations: The present study reveals that the early diagnosis of sialolithiasis and the choice of the appropriate treatment plan are associated with a good prognosis, and the reestablishment of ductal patency, when damaged, is essential for the success of the treatment(AU)

Introducción: Os sialolitos son lesiones mineralizadas en las glándulas salivales que causan obstrucción total o parcial del conducto, afectando comúnmente a la glándula submandibular. Su abordaje varía desde poco invasivo hasta quirúrgico, dependiendo del número, ubicación y dimensiones de los cálculos. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar un caso clínico raro de sialolito en el conducto de la glándula parótida tratado mediante extirpación quirúrgica. Reporte de Caso: Paciente acudió a consulta externa con antecedente de dolor y edema en el rostro de 2 meses de evolución, refiriendo empeoramiento de la sintomatología tras la alimentación. A la exploración física presentaba edema endurecido en región preauricular izquierda y ausencia de drenaje en conducto parotídeo ipsilateral. Se realizó una radiografía de partes blandas con placa periapical, que reveló una imagen radiopaca circunscrita sugestiva de un sialolito en el conducto de la glándula parótida izquierda. Así, se realizó la escisión quirúrgica del cálculo seguida del restablecimiento de la permeabilidad ductal mediante la instalación de un catéter venoso. El paciente evolucionó bien y se le está dando seguimiento sin recurrencia de signos y síntomas. Consideraciones Finales: El presente estudio revela que el diagnóstico precoz de la sialolitiasis y la elección del plan de tratamiento adecuado se asocian a un buen pronóstico, y el restablecimiento de la permeabilidad ductal, en caso de daño, es fundamental para el éxito del tratamiento(AU)

Tumores de glándulas salivales: enfrentamiento diagnóstico inicial / Salivary gland tumors: initial diagnostic confrontation

It is described that salivary gland tumors account for up to 3-6% of head and neck tumors, 80% of these being located in the parotid gland. Broadly speaking, the smaller the gland, the greater the probability of malignancy. The most common clinical manifestation in tumor pathology is the appearance of a painless mass. Indicators of malignancy should be considered: chronic volume increase or rapid growth, facial paralysis, cranial nerve involvement, ulceration, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Ultrasonography should be the first imaging study, however, it provides limited information. MRI is the exam of choice for salivary gland tumors, whereas CT and PET-CT allow the study of local and remote invasion. FNA is controversial, it is not indicated for all patients, in parotid tumors a cytological examination is usually not necessary prior to surgery. Excisional biopsy is not recommended due to the risk of tumor seeding, neural damage, and salivary fistula. The goal of treatment in gland tumors is the removal of the glands, associated with lymph node dissection and adjuvant radiation therapy in indicated cases. The general practitioner must comprehensively address these pathologies to achieve a timely referral to the specialist. (AU)

Pleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate with calcifications: an unusual presentation / Adenoma pleomórfico del paladar duro con calcificaciones: una presentación inusual

Pleomorphic Adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. The most common sites for minor salivary gland from which PA arises are the palate followed by the lips and buccal mucosa. Calcifications are a common finding in major salivary glands with chronic inflammatory disorders. Major salivary gland tumors rarely show calcifications and it is less common to find them in minor salivary gland tumors. We report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate in a 67-year-old female patient with intra-tumoral, irregular and scattered calcifications visible on computed tomography (CT). The treatment was complete surgical excision of the lesion. The diagnosis was confirmed with the histopathological study.

El adenoma pleomórfico (AP) es el tumor benigno de las glándulas salivales más común. Los sitios de mayor frecuencia donde surge el AP en glándulas salivales menores es el paladar seguido de los labios y la mucosa bucal. Las calcificaciones son un hallazgo común en las glándulas salivales mayores con trastornos inflamatorios crónicos, pero en el caso de tumores rara vez muestran calcificaciones y es menos común encontrarlos en tumores de las glándulas salivales menores. Presentamos un caso de adenoma pleomórfico del paladar duro en una paciente de 67 años con calcificaciones intratumorales, irregulares y dispersas visibles en la tomografía computarizada. El tratamiento fue la extirpación quirúrgica completa de la lesión. El diagnóstico se confirmó con el estudio histopatológico

Salivary Gland Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A 15-year Experience

Abstract Introduction Diseases of the salivary glands are rare in children and adolescents, with the exception of viral-induced infections. Objective To determine the clinical course of the disease, the diagnostic procedures, the treatment and the outcome of all children and adolescents affected with salivary gland diseases at our clinic over a period of 15 years. Methods A retrospective chart review including a long-term follow-up was conducted among 146 children and adolescents treated for salivary gland disorders from 2002 to 2016. Results Diagnosing acute sialadenitis was easily managed by all doctors regardless of their specialty. The diagnosis of sialolithiasis was rapidly made only by otorhinolar- yngologists, whereas diagnosing juvenile recurrent parotitis imposed difficulties to doctors of all specialties - resulting in a significant delay between the first occurrence of symptoms and the correct diagnosis. The severity-adjusted treatment yielded improve- ments in all cases, and a full recovery of 75% of the cases of sialolithiasis, 73% of the cases of juvenile recurrent parotitis, and 100% of the cases of acute sialadenitis. Conclusions Due to their low prevalence and the lack of pathognomonic symptoms, salivary gland diseases in children and adolescents are often misdiagnosed, resulting in an unneces- sarily long period of suffering despite a favorable outcome following the correct treatment.

Efectividad de la succión desembrozante en pacientes con procesos inflamatorios de las glándulas salivales mayores / Effectiveness of the depleting suction in patients with inflammatory processes of the major salivary glands

Introducción: Las inflamaciones agudas y crónicas pueden afectar las glándulas salivales mayores. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de los pacientes con procesos inflamatorios de las glándulas salivales mayores tratados con succión desembrozante. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 49 pacientes con procesos inflamatorios de las glándulas salivales mayores, atendidos en la consulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre del 2012 hasta junio del 2014. Se utilizó la aspiración quirúrgica para succionar los conductos de las glándulas salivales afectadas. Se estudiaron variables, tales como edad, sexo, glándula salival afectada, agente causal, sintomatología, sesiones de tratamiento y evolución ultrasonográfica. Resultados: Predominaron el grupo etario de 65 años y más (36,7 %) y el sexo femenino (59,2 %). La litiasis fue el factor causal de mayor incidencia y la glándula parótida la más afectada. Los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente luego de la segunda succión, lo cual demostró la existencia de cambios ultrasonográficos favorables. Conclusiones: La succión desembrozante es un procedimiento sencillo e inocuo que evita el proceder quirúrgico.

Introduction: The acute and chronic inflammations can affect the major salivary glands. Objective: To evaluate the clinical course of patients with inflammatory processes of the major salivary glands treated with depleting suction. Methods: A descriptive study of 49 patients with inflammatory processes of the mayor salivary glands was carried out, they were assisted in the Maxillofacial Surgery service of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from September, 2012 to June, 2014. The surgical aspiration was used to suck the tubes of the affected salivary glands. Some variables were studied, such as age, sex, affected salivary gland, causal agent, symptomatology, treatment sessions and ultrasonographic course. Results: There was a prevalence of the 65 and over age group (36.7 %) and the female sex (59.2 %). Lithiasis was the causal factor of more incidence and the parotid gland the most affected one. Patients had a favorable clinical course after the second suction, which demonstrated the existence of favorable ultrasonographic changes. Conclusions: Depleting suction is a simple and innocuous procedure that avoids operation.

Plunging ranula presenting as a giant retroauricular mass: A case report / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Plunging ranula is rare and manifests as the submandibular or submental cystic mass, without intra-oral abnormality. It usually causes misdiagnosis and malpractice. This article reported a case of plunging ranula that appeared as a massive mass located behind the left ear. A 6-year-old child presented with recurrent left retroauricular swelling over six months without obvious inducement. The mass showed repeatedly swelling and persistent skin ulcers. Physical examinations described a fluctuant, nontender mass behind the left ear whose size was about 5 cm×5 cm×3 cm. The skin upon the surface of the mass was thin and red, and overflowed yellow slimelike contents. Computed tomography (CT) showed an extensive cystic lesion in the left neck. After local incision and drainage the mass was shrink. With the primary clinical diagnosis of branchial cyst, the patient underwent mass resection through postauricular incision. During the operation, the fistula was traced to the area around the sublingual gland, and the postoperative pathology report demonstrated cystic spaces occurring in soft tissue without lymphoid tissue. One month postoperatively, the patient presented the "egg-white", wire-drawing transparent viscous fluid outflowing from the left external auditory canal, indicating that the fluid in the external auditory canal originated from the sublingual gland and the disease was the plunging ranula presenting as a giant left retroauricular mass. We readmitted the patient to the hospital and the ipsilateral sublingual gland was completely removed in the mouth under general anesthesia. No clinical evidence of recurrence was found at the end of 9 months follow-up. So far, there is no literature reporting plunging ranula behind ear. This case report describes the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis and treatment of a case of plunging ranula, and reveals that, other than the submandibular or submental, plunging ranula also could be found in retroauricular region. The plunging ranula is difficult to fully confirm through a clinical character, and usually easy to be misdiagnosed as other tumors, like lymphatic malformation, venous malformations, etc. Radiographic examination and/or puncture fluid observation are required for identification. "Egg-white", wire-drawing mucous secretion is the most important characteristic in clinical diagnosis of sublingual gland cyst. However, if sublingual gland resection, i.e. removal of the source of cyst fluid is performed, a good prognosis can be achieved.

Hiposialia y Xerostomía Post Irradiación: Terapias Innovadoras en el Campo Biomolecular / Hyposialia and Xerostomy Post Irradiation: Innovative Therapies in the Biomolecular Field

Las glándulas salivales humanas pueden ser gravemente lesionadas por la radioterapia utilizada contra neoplasias de cabeza y cuello, produciendo hiposialia y xerostomía, las cuales afectan la salud oral y sistémica, mermando la calidad de vida de la persona. Los tratamientos convencionales actuales están diseñados para disminuir los síntomas, sin actuar sobre los cambios fisiopatológicos que se dan a nivel glandular. Esta revisión intenta analizar aquellas terapias preventivas y/o curativas que están desarrollándose en el campo biomolecular y que tienen un futuro prometedor por sus características innovadoras: terapia génica, terapia con células madre y terapia con factores de crecimiento. Se evidencia un aporte adicional de la nanotecnología, la cual está mejorando las vías de aplicación de los tratamientos.

Human salivary glands can be seriously injured by the radiotherapy used against head and neck neoplasms, producing hyposialia and xerostomy, which affect oral and systemic health, diminishing the person's quality of life. Current conventional treatments are designed to reduce symptoms, without acting on the pathophysiological changes that occur at the glandular level. This review attempts to analyze those preventive and /or curative therapies that are developing in the biomolecular field and that have a promising future due to their innovative features: Gene therapy, stem cell therapy and growth factor therapy. An additional contribution of nanotechnology is evident, which is improving the routes of treatment application.

Tratamento de mucocele com a técnica de shira: relato de caso / Treatment of mucocele with shira's technique: case report

O termo mucocele pode ser definido como ''cavidade patológica contendo muco'', sendo este conteúdo proveniente das glândulas salivares menores. Enquadrando-se como um processo patológico destas glândulas. A mucocele pode ser caracterizada pelo fenômeno de extravasamento ou de retenção de muco, dando-se o diagnóstico somente através da análise microscópica. Clinicamente apresenta-se como um nódulo indolor, circunscrito, normocrômico ou azulado e flutuante à palpação, localiza-se predominantemente no lábio inferior. A escolha do tratamento partirá da análise de alguns fatores, como o tamanho da lesão, a sua localização, profundidade e a idade do paciente, sendo a excisão cirúrgica juntamente com as glândulas acessórias da lesão a mais indicada. Há várias técnicas para realização de tal procedimento e a técnica de Shira foi a opção para o referido relato de caso. Esta técnica se dá a partir da injeção cuidadosa de material hidrocolóide irreversível (alginato) dentro da lesão previamente esvaziada de seu conteúdo com o objetivo de delimitar a mesma e facilitar a remoção cirúrgica. Utilizar esta técnica reduz as chances de recidiva da lesão, pois com a utilização do alginato a lesão fica bem delimitada facilitando a excisão cirúrgica, mas mesmo com esta técnica deve-se orientar o paciente para a remoção dos fatores etiológicos envolvidos, pois sua permanência acarretará na recidiva da lesão(AU)

The term mucocele can be defined as a 'pathological cavity containing mucus', and this content comes from the minor salivary glands, fitting in as a pathological process of these glands. Mucocele can be characterized by the mucous extravasation or retention phenomena, giving the diagnosis only through microscopic analysis. Clinically it is presented as a painless, circumscribed, normochromic or bluish nodule floating on palpation. It is predominantly located on the lower lip. The choice of treatment will depend on the analysis of some factors, such as the size of the lesion, its location, depth and the age of the patient. Surgical excision together with the accessory glands of the lesion is the most indicated. There are several techniques for performing such a procedure and the Shira technique was the option for this case report. This technique is based on the careful injection of irreversible hydrocolloid material (alginate) into the lesion previously emptied of its mucoid content in order to delimit it and facilitate surgical removal. Using this technique reduces the chances of recurrence of the lesion, because with the use of alginate the lesion is well delimited facilitating surgical excision, but even with this technique the patient should be guided to remove the etiological factors involved, since its permanence will lead to recurrence of the lesion(AU)

Doenças de glândulas salivares: estudo epidemiológico em um serviço de Estomatologia do sul do Brasil / Salivary gland diseases: epidemiological study in a Stomatology service in southern Brazil

Objetivo: realizar um levantamento epidemiológico das doenças de glândulas salivares por meio de análise de prontuários registrados em um serviço de Estomatologia do sul do Brasil. Métodos: a amostra foi composta por aproximadamente 24.000 prontuários de pacientes do Serviço de Estomatologia do Hospital São Lucas, atendidos no período de 1977 a 2017. Foram selecionados os prontuários que apresentassem as seguintes enfermidades de glândulas salivares: mucocele, rânula, sialolitíase, sialoadenite infecciosa, síndrome de Sjögren, sialometaplasia necrosante e neoplasias benignas ou malignas. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, utilizando o teste Qui-Quadrado. Resultados: das 817 enfermidades encontradas, 56,2% eram mucoceles, 11,1% sialoadenites infecciosas, 10,3% rânulas, 10,1% sialolitíases, 5,5% neoplasias benignas, 4,3% síndrome de Sjögren, 2,1% neoplasias malignas e 0,4% sialometaplasias necrosantes. O mucocele apresentou predileção pelo sexo masculino, enquanto a rânula e a síndrome de Sjögren foram mais associadas ao sexo feminino. As demais enfermidades não apresentaram predileção por sexo. A localização das lesões, as características clínicas e a idade dos pacientes acometidos foram também avaliadas. Conclusão: as doenças das glândulas salivares merecem destaque entre as enfermidades do sistema estomatognático devido à complexa anatomia dessas estruturas, à importância da saliva na homeostase bucal e ao comportamento clínico indolente das neoplasias malignas que acometem essas glândulas.(AU)

Objective: to perform an epidemiological survey of salivary gland diseases by analyzing medical records from a Stomatology Service in southern Brazil. Methods: the sample consisted of approximately 24,000 medical records of patients assisted at the Stomatology Service of the São Lucas Hospital between 1977 and 2017. The following salivary gland disorders were selected: mucocele, ranula, sialolithiasis, infectious sialadenitis, Sjögren's syndrome, necrotizing sialometaplasia, and benign or malignant neoplasms. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using the chi-squared test. Results: from the 817 disorders found, 56.2% were mucocele, 11.1% sialadenitis, 10.3% ranula, 10.1% sialolithiasis, 5.5% benign neoplasms, 4.3% Sjögren's syndrome, 2.1% malignant neoplasms, and 0.4% necrotizing sialometaplasia. Mucocele was more prevalent in men, while ranula and Sjögren's syndrome were more associated with women. The other diseases did not present gender preference. The location of the lesions, clinical characteristics, and age of the patients affected were also assessed. Conclusion: salivary gland diseases deserve special attention among stomatognathic system disorders due to the complex anatomy of such structures, the importance of saliva in the oral homeostasis, and the indolent clinical behavior of the malignant neoplasms affecting these glands.(AU)

Tongue function, salivary flow rate and IgA, IgM and IgG total salivary levels in chronic chagasic patients

Although microscopic alterations have been detected in tongues and salivary glands of chagasic patients and the identification of biomarkers in saliva has proved advantageous, there are no studies evaluating tongue function and total salivary IgA, IgG and IgM levels in chronic chagasic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate tongue function, salivary flow rate, and total salivary IgA, IgG and IgM levels comparing chronic and non-infected individuals. 37 patients were selected: chronic cardiac chagasic patients (n=6), chronic chagasic patients with the associated form of the disease (cardiopathy and megaesophagus) (n=11), and non-chagasic individuals (n=20). The tongue function underwent a phonoaudiological evaluation. The salivary flow rate was measured by sialometry. The total salivary IgA, IgG and IgM levels were evaluated by sandwich ELISA assay. Chagasic patients with the associated form of the disease presented higher salivary flow rate and lower salivary protein levels. No significant differences were noted in the lingual function or in the total salivary immunoglobulin levels among the groups. Although patients with chagasic megaesophagus presented higher levels of salivary flow and lower salivary protein, the fact that there were no significant differences in lingual function and total salivary immunoglobulin levels among the groups led to the conclusion that chronic chagas disease does not modify the lingual function or the total IgA, IgG and IgM salivary levels. The present study was the first to evaluate the function of the tongue and salivary total immunoglobulin levels in Chagas disease.

Recommendations from the Brazilian society of rheumatology for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome (Part I): glandular manifestations (systematic review)

Abstract Background: Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic immune-mediated disease whose main characteristic is exocrine gland inflammation and, subsequent reduction in tear and saliva production. A delayed diagnosis is common due to the nonspecific clinical manifestations of disease. The aim of the present study was to develop recommendations for the diagnosis of glandular manifestations of pSS based on evidence and expert opinion. Main body of the abstract: We conducted a systematic literature review to retrieve the best evidence available on the accuracy of diagnostic tests for pSS. We also held two in-person meetings with experts (rheumatologists, pathologists, ophthalmologists and dentists) to establish their level of agreement using the Delphi method. Ultimately, we generated 18 recommendations that aim to facilitate the diagnosis of the glandular manifestations of pSS. Conclusion: The diagnosis of glandular manifestations of pSS is complex and multidisciplinary. It requires specific knowledge in the field of ophthalmology, immunology, pathology and imaging, making it compulsory for the rheumatologist to work with professionals from these different areas in order to improve accuracy and early diagnosis. Glandular dysfunction tests, ANA, RF, Anti-Ro, protein electrophoresis, urinalysis, blood count, C-Reactive protein, complement, testing for syphilis and viruses (HCV, HIV) and SGUS should be investigated when dryness or systemic manifestation are present. Minor salivary gland biopsy is recommended for all anti-Ro negative or incomplete criteria cases.

Obesity, salivary glands and oral pathology / Obesidad, glándulas salivales y patología oral

Abstract Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Not only adults suffer from the disease, but increasingly children and young people. One of the main causes of overweight and obesity is excessive food intake, in particular heavily processed carbohydrates. Obesity alters multiple organs, including the salivary glands, bringing functional alterations with it. Among researchers, the relation between obesity and tooth decay, periodontal disease and xerostomia is being debated. More and more scientific reports are drawing attention to the changes in the microflora of the oral cavity during obesity. All changes are closely related to the morphological and functional alterations of the salivary glands. This article review presents the current points of view regarding the impact of obesity on the health of the salivary glands, and how changes their functions influence other structures in the oral cavity.

Resumen La obesidad ha alcanzado proporciones pandémicas en los últimos años. No solo los adultos padecen la enfermedad, sino también cada vez más niños y jóvenes. Una de las principales causas del sobrepeso y la obesidad es la ingesta excesiva de alimentos, en particular los carbohidratos altamente procesados. La obesidad altera múltiples órganos, incluidas las glándulas salivales, y trae consigo alteraciones funcionales. Entre los investigadores, se está debatiendo la relación entre la obesidad y la caries dental, la enfermedad periodontal y la xerostomía. Cada vez más informes científicos están llamando la atención sobre los cambios en la microflora de la cavidad oral durante la obesidad. Todos los cambios están estrechamente relacionados con las alteraciones morfológicas y funcionales de las glándulas salivales. Esta revisión del artículo presenta los puntos de vista actuales sobre el impacto de la obesidad en la salud de las glándulas salivales, y cómo los cambios en sus funciones influyen en otras estructuras de la cavidad oral.

Is salivary gland pathology in western of Libya the same as other parts of the World? / A Patologia das glândulas salivares na Líbia ocidental é a mesma que em outras partes do mundo?

A wide variety of entities may cause diseases of the salivary glands. A general classification divides the disorders into inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases. This group of disorders can afflict the major or minor salivary glands but are generally much more common in the major glands. In most cases, clinical assessment allows distinction between these entities and guides further investigation and management. However, knowing the relative incidence of neoplastic vs. non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases has important diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. In addition, the use of different diagnostic modalities such as an ultrasound, FNA, MRI and CT scan play a vital role in preoperative diagnosis. We here present our retrospective study to compare the incidence of Neoplastic versus non-Neoplastic salivary gland diseases at largest oral and maxillofacial center in western Libya and to compare accuracy and validity of different diagnostic tools in diagnosis of salivary gland disease... (AU)

Uma grande variedade de condições pode causar doenças das glândulas salivares. Uma classificação geral divide os distúrbios em doenças inflamatórias e não inflamatórias. Esse grupo de distúrbios pode afetar as glândulas salivares maiores ou menores, embora geralmente sejam mais comuns nas glândulas maiores. Na maioria dos casos, a avaliação clínica permite a distinção entre essas condições e orienta pesquisas e gerenciamento adicionais. Contudo, conhecer a prevalência relativa das doenças das glândulas salivares neoplásicas e doenças não neoplásicas tem importantes implicações diagnósticas, terapêuticas e prognósticas. Além disso, o uso de diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico, como um ultrassom, aspiração com agulha fina, ressonância magnética e tomografia computadorizada axial, assume um papel vital no diagnóstico pré-operatório. Aqui apresenta-se um estudo retrospectivo para comparar a prevalência de doenças das glândulas salivares neoplásicas e não neoplásicas no maior centro de cirurgia bucomaxilofacial da Líbia e comparar a precisão e validade de diferentes ferramentas diagnósticas nas doenças das glândulas salivares... (AU)

Marsupialización modificada de ránula gigante intraoral: reporte de caso / Modified marsupialisation of a giant intraoral ranula: case report

La ránula intraoral es una enfermedad benigna seudoquística de extravasación que tiene su origen en las glándulas salivales sublinguales. Es una entidad poco prevalente. Es más frecuente en niños y adolescentes, con características clínicas propias que la diferencian de otras entidades de la boca. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico y varias técnicas han sido descritas en la literatura: marsupialización simple y modificada, enucleación de la lesión, extirpación de la glándula junto con enucleación de la ránula. Si bien la extirpación de la glándula junto con la enucleación de la lesión es el tratamiento definitivo radical y más aceptado, la marsupialización modificada puede ser útil como alternativa de tratamiento quirúrgico conservador en casos de ránulas intraorales gigantes, disminuyendo los riesgos de morbilidad quirúrgica y presentando bajos índices de recurrencia, mientras su aplicación sea cuidadosa. El siguiente reporte de caso describe el manejo clínico de forma quirúrgica conservadora mediante marsupialización modificada, con un seguimiento de 12 meses sin signos de recidiva.

The intraoral ranula is a benign pseudo-cystic extravasation with its origin in the sublingual salivary glands. It is an infrequent disease. It is more common in children and adolescents, with its own clinical characteristics that differentiate it from other entities in the mouth. The treatment for this condition is surgical, and several techniques have been described in the literature: simple and modified marsupialisation, enucleation of the lesion, and removal of the gland with enucleation of the ranula. While the removal of the gland with enucleation of the lesion is the widely accepted radical and definitive treatment, marsupialisation may be useful as an alternative to conservative surgical treatment in cases of giant intraoral ranula, reducing the risk of surgical morbidity, and presenting with low rates of recurrence, while its application should be performed with care. The case is presented that describes the conservative surgical treatment with marsupialisation in its clinical management, with a 12 months follow up without signs of recurrence.

Epidemiological survey of mucus extravasation phenomenon at an oral pathology referral center during a 43 year period / Levantamento epidemiológico de fenômeno de extravasamento de muco de um centro de referência em patologia oral por um período de 43 anos

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Mucoceles are common benign pseudocystic lesions of the oral cavity; their main etiological factors are trauma and ductal obstruction. Two histological patterns are found: mucus retention phenomenon (MRP) and mucus extravasation phenomenon (MEP). Mucus extravasation phenomenon is the more common histological subtype and it mainly affects the lower lip. The knowledge of its main clinical features and management is important to assist health professionals in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the relative frequency and distribution of oral mucoceles in an oral pathology reference center. METHODS: Cross-sectional historical study that analyzed all cases pathologically diagnosed as mucus extravasation phenomenon by the department of anatomic pathology of an oral pathology referral center from June of 1970 to May of 2014, considering the clinical characteristics of the lesion and those relating to the patient. SPSS v. 20.0 software for Windows was used for descriptive analysis. RESULTS: During 43 years, 719 cases of mucus extravasation phenomenon (54.7% men and 45.3% women) were registered, with the lower lip as the most commonly affected site (n = 484; 67.3%). The average age of patients was 20.8 years (SD ± 14.4) with a peak occurrence in the second decade of life. Most professionals had oral mucocele/ranula (n = 606; 84.3%) as the initial clinical impression. CONCLUSION: Mucus extravasation phenomenon is a lesion that primarily affects young patients, affecting mainly the lower lip, and is commonly found in oral diagnostic services.

Resumo Introdução: Mucoceles são lesões pseudocísticas benignas comuns da cavidade oral, que possuem como principais fatores etiológicos trauma ou obstrução ductal. Dois padrões histopatológicos são encontrados: fenômeno de retenção de muco (FRM) e fenômeno de extravasamento de muco (FEM). O FEM é o subtipo histológico mais comum e tem como principal local de acometimento o lábio inferior. O conhecimento acerca de suas principais características clínicas e formas de tratamento se faz importante para auxiliar profissionais da saúde na prática clínica. Objetivo: Este trabalho objetivou determinar a frequência relativa e a distribuição das mucoceles orais em um centro de referência em patologia oral. Método: Estudo transversal de caráter histórico, no qual foram analisados os casos diagnosticados histopatologicamente como FEM pelo serviço de anatomia patológica de um centro de referência em patologia oral no período de junho de 1970 a maio de 2014, considerando-se variáveis clínicas da lesão e relativas ao paciente. O programa estatístico SPSS 20.0 for Windows foi utilizado para a análise descritiva dos dados. Resultados: Durante 43 anos foram observados 719 casos de FEM (54,7% homens e 45,3% mulheres), sendo o lábio inferior (n = 484; 67,3%) o local de principal acometimento. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 20,8 anos (DP ± 14,4), com pico de ocorrência na segunda década de vida. A maioria dos profissionais teve mucocele oral/rânula (n = 606; 84,3%) como primeira hipótese clínica. Conclusão: O FEM é uma lesão que afeta principalmente pacientes jovens, acometendo preferencialmente o lábio inferior, sendo comumente encontrada nos serviços de diagnóstico oral.